REYKJAVIK, Iceland, Jan. 18 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Scientists at deCODE genetics and colleagues from the US and ten European countries today announced a long-awaited first in cancer research: the discovery of common single-letter variations in the human genome (SNPs) linked to susceptibility not of one, but several different types of cancer, including those of lung, bladder, prostate, skin and cervix.
Over the past two years, deCODE has led a wave of discoveries by scientists around the world of common SNPs conferring risk of many major types of cancer. Yet without exception, these SNPs have been linked to cancer of only one or at most two tissue types or organs. The SNPs published today, located near each other on chromosome 5p15, may therefore help to tag major biological mechanisms underlying cancer susceptibility more generally. The paper, entitled "Sequence variants at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus associate with many cancer types," is published today in the online edition of Nature Genetics at http://www.nature.com/ng, and will appear in an upcoming print edition of the journal.
"Today's findings demonstrate the power of using genetics to advance our understanding of the biology of cancer and to discover new strategies for assessing and reducing risk. Our next task is to discover how these SNPs affect susceptibility. One plausible, but as yet unproven, explanation is that these variants provide a genetic background that determines how our bodies respond to environmental risk factors. A thread connecting these different cancer types is that most have important known environmental risk factors and all tend to arise in the tissue layers directly exposed to the environment. One of the SNPs we have discovered is in a gene involved in determining the length of the telomeres, or the tail ends of chromosomes. Shorter telomeres have recently been linked to risk of certain cancers, and telomeres are known to become shorter with the accumulation of environmental insults over time. These findings may point us towards a means of addressing these risks by altering our lifestyle or by helping to identify targets for new drugs. We are integrating the SNPs into deCODEme(TM), and into our deCODEme Cancer Scan(TM) launched today," said Kari Stefansson, CEO of deCODE and senior author on the paper.
deCODE discovered the first variant, a SNP called rs 401681, in its gene discovery work on basal cell carcinoma (BCC), a common form of skin cancer. The SNP is in the gene encoding cisplatin resistance related protein 9 (CLPTM1L). Because the region of chromosome 5p15 is of interest in cancer biology, the deCODE team then tested this SNP for association with 16 different types of cancer in a total of nearly 80,000 cancer patients and healthy control subjects from Iceland, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Germany, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Romania, Slovakia and the United States. Rs 401681 was found to confer increased risk not only of BCC, but also cancer of the lung, bladder, prostate and cervix, and was also found to protect against melanoma. It is of interest here that the risks of cancers of lung, bladder, prostate and cervix are greater in individuals with shorter telomeres than long, whereas those with long telomeres are at greater risk of melanoma. Through a more detailed analysis of this region, another SNP, rs2736089, was associated with increased risk of BCC and also with risk of cancer of the lung, bladder and prostate. Rs 2736089 is located in the gene encoding the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which directs the addition of repeat DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes. Importantly, the risk of these different cancers conferred by these two SNPs appears to be independent.
Acknowledgments
deCODE thanks the many thousands of individuals who participated in this study, as well as the collaborating researchers and institutions. This study was funded in part by the European Commission through the POLYGENE (LSHC-CT- 2005-018827) and GENADDICT (LSHM-CT-2004-005166) grants; by the US National Institutes of Health (R01-DA017932); a research investment grant of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; and through numerous grants to collaborating institutions.
About deCODE
deCODE is a bio-pharmaceutical company developing drugs and DNA-based tests to improve the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of common diseases. Its lead therapeutic programs, which leverage the company's expertise in chemistry and structural biology, include DG041, an antiplatelet compound being developed for the prevention of arterial thrombosis; DG051 and DG031, compounds targeting the leukotriene pathway for the prevention of heart attack; and DG071 and a platform for other PDE4 modulators with therapeutic applications in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions. deCODE is a global leader in human genetics, and has identified key variations in the genome (SNPs) conferring increased risk of major public health challenges from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Based upon these discoveries deCODE has brought to market a growing range of DNA-based tests for gauging risk and empowering prevention of common diseases. Through its CLIA-registered laboratory, deCODE is offers deCODE T2(TM) for type 2 diabetes; deCODE AF(TM) for atrial fibrillation and stroke; deCODE MI(TM) for heart attack; deCODE ProstateCancer(TM) for prostate cancer; deCODE Glaucoma(TM) for a major type of glaucoma; and deCODE BreastCancer(TM), for the common forms of breast cancer. deCODE is delivering on the promise of the new genetics(SM). Visit us on the web at http://www.decode.com/; on our diagnostics site at http://www.decodediagnostics.com/; for our pioneering personal genome analysis service and focused disease scans, integrating the genetic variants included in these tests and those linked to another twenty common diseases, at http://www.decodeme.com/; and on our blog at http://www.decodeyou.com/.
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